Id card laminar structure and processes of making same

ABSTRACT

LAMINAR STRUCTURES COMPRISING A COLOR PHOTOGRAPH BONDED TO A SHEET OF VINYL THROUGH AN ETHYLENE-VINYL ACETATE COPOLYMER TIE COAT AND IDENTIFICATION (ID) CARDS INCLUDING THE SAME.   D R A W I N G

J. F. THOMAS June 1 1971 ID CARD LAMINAR STRUCTURES AND PROCESSES OFMAKING SAME Filed April 1, 1968 2 Sheets-Sheet 1 lCLOCK NO FIG.|

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11 cum mama STRUCTURES AND PROCESSES or MAKING SAME Filed April 1, 19682 Sheets-Sheet I {ANY BANK CARD 1 896 25s 457 730 glg BY F IG. 6 mm a MMQfm',

ATTORNEYS United States Patent Office Patented June I, 1971 3,582,439 IDCARD LAMINAR STRUCTURE AND PROCESSES OF MAKING SAME James F. Thomas,Lawrence, Mass., assignor to Polaroid Corporation, Cambridge, Mass.Filed Apr. 1, 1968, Ser. No. 717,732 Int. Cl. B3Zb 27/04; G03c 5/59;G09f 3/02 US. Cl. 161-5 20 Claims ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE Laminarstructures comprising a color photograph bonded to a sheet of vinylthrough an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer tie coat and identification(ID) cards including the same.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION ID cards including a color photograph havinga transparent protective overlay applied to the image-bearing surface ofthe photograph are per se old. It is, for example, old to laminate acolor photograph, e.g., one prepared according to the inventiondescribed and claimed in US. Pat. 2,983,606, issued to Howard G. Rogers,to a cellulose ester, through a water-activated adhesive such aspolyvinyl alcohol. Such a structure protects the front of the card butaffords no protection to the rear. Hence, the resulting laminarstructure is not as desirable, for many purposes, as a fully enclosedcard, i.e., a card containing a protective overlay fully enclosing thecard.

One useful procedure for fully protecting the card is to enclose it in apouch. This would typically be done by providing a pouch comprisingfront and back members sealed along a portion of the periphery, e.g., onthree sides, and having an open portion adapted to receive thephotograph or other document, the open portion being sealed, preferablyby heat sealing following insertion.

However, cellulose esters are not readily scalable together and henceare not ideal materials for forming such a pouch.

To obviate this problem, it has further been suggested to provide apouch of a heat-scalable material, preferably a rigid or semi-rigidvinyl, e.g., the polyvinyl chloride or polyvinyl chloride-polyvinylacetate copolymers heretofore known in the art.

One particularly useful procedure has been to laminate the color printto polyvinyl alcohol contained on a transparent cellulose ester supportto protect the print during handling and thereafter insert the resultinglaminar structure into a vinyl pouch and then sealing the open side toprovide the desired protected ID card. However, this procedure hascertain inherent disadvantages, the main one being that the printprovided with its cellulose ester overlay is not affixed to the pouchwalls so that it is movable therewithin. This in turn would permit oneto sever the pouch and tamper with the identifying matter therewithin toprovide a false or forged ID card. Stated more simply, such a pouch doesnot provide a satisfactory security seal. Moreover, in certainspecialized applications such as the so-called Hollerith holepunchedcard, it is required that the photograph or other identifying matter besubstantially immovable within the pouch.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention obviates all of theaforementioned difliculties by providing a system for securelylaminating the image-bearing surface of a color print to a sheet ofvinyl. The resulting ID card may be in the form of a sheet of vinyllaminated to the surface of the color print or it may be in the form ofa vinyl pouch having a color print,contained therein with at least theimage-bearing surface securely laminated to the inner surface of onewall of the pouch. If desired, the rear surface or support memher forthe print may be laminated to the inner surface of the other wall of thepouch. Preferably the pouch is constructed to be of slightly greaterdimensions than the color print so that the periphery of the superposedwall member can be bonded together, as by heat-sealing, to completelyenclose the print.

The aforementioned objectives are accomplished by applying to thesurface of the vinyl sheet or layer a bonding surface comprising a firstlayer of an ethylenevinyl acetate copolymer and a second layer of atransparent hydroxylated polymer, e.g., a polyvinyl alcohol, hydrolyzedpolyvinyl acetate, or hydrolyzed cellulose ester. The resulting bondingsurface is water-activated so that lamination can be effected bypressing the moist print against the bonding surface.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWING FIG. 1 is a plan view of one format ofcolor print contemplated for use in the practice of this invention;

FIG. 2 is a diagrammatical sectional view, greatly magnified, of oneproduct contemplated by this invention;

FIG. 3 is a plan view of a pouch contemplated for use in the practice ofthis invention;

FIG. 4 is a diagrammatical sectional view of a product contemplated bythis invention formed by insertion of an imformation-bearing surfaceinto the pouch of FIG. 3 and then sealing;

FIG. 5 is a perspective view of still another type of product to whichthis invention is applicable; and

FIG. 6 is a plan view showing a typical design and structure which therear wall of a product such as shown in FIG. 3 or 4 may take.

DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENT The preferred embodimentcontemplates laminar structures including a color print prepared in themanner described and claimed in US. Pat. No. 2,983,606, which print iscompletely enclosed by two sheets of vinyl sealed together along theirperiphery and having the surface of the print securely laminated to theinner surface of one of the vinyl sheets.

As was mentioned previously, this invention relates to novel laminarstructures and more particularly to novel ID cards, credit cards and thelike having an image-bearing surface bonded to a. sheet or layer ofvinyl through an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer tie coat.

A primary object of this invention is to provide novel products of theforegoing description.

Another object is to provide ID cards and the like having a tamperfreesecurity seal.

Still another object is to provide novel products and processes forpreparing the same.

Other objects of the invention will in part be obvious and will in partappear hereinafter.

The invention accordingly comprises the several steps and the relationand order of one or more of such steps with respect to each of theothers, and the product possessing the features, properties and therelation of elements which are exemplified in the following detaileddisclosure, and the scope of the application of which will be indicatedin the claims.

For a fuller understanding of the nature and objects of the invention,reference should be had to the following detailed description taken inconnection with the accompanying drawing.

As was mentioned previously, this invention is directed to ID cards,credit cards and the like including a color photograph or print thesurface of which is laminated or bonded securely to a layer of vinyl.

A particularly useful photographic procedure for forming the color printis described and claimed in the aforementioned U.S. Pat. No. 2,983,606.In such a procedure, a photosensitive element including at least onelightsensitive silver halide emulsion and associated layer of dyedeveloper (dye which is also a silver halide developing agent) isexposed to provide a developable image; the thus exposed element iscontacted with an aqueous alkaline processing composition to develop theimage and as a function thereof to form an imagewise distribution ofmobile and dilfusible dye; and this imagewise distribution is thentransferred, at least in part, by imbibition, to a superposedimage-receiving element comprising a dyeable stratum to impart thereto apositive dye transfer image of the original subject matter.

The image-receiving element used in these processes generally comprisesan opaque or transparent support coated with an image-receiving layer ofa dyeable material which is permeable to the alkaline processingcomposition. The dyeable material may comprise polyvinyl alcoholtogether with a polyvinyl pyridine polymer such as a poly- 4-vinylpyridine polymer. Such image-receiving elements are further described inUS. Pat. No. 3,148,061 issued to Howard C. Haas.

The foregoing discussion relates generally to the preparation of colortransfer prints. In a typical ID card, it is usually desired to have aphotographic likeness of the bearer of the card along with descriptiveidentifying matter pertaining to him, e.g., his name, an identifyingnumber, signature, etc. Frequently, the name of the issuer of the cardand a validating signature authenticatirig the card are also desired. Atypical photograph of this nature is shown in FIG. 1 wherein it will beseen that the print comprises an image-containing layer 12 on a suitablesupport 14 of paper or the like. In layer 12 a photographic likeness ofthe individual appears at one portion of the print and the desireddescriptive matter is contained at another portion. The descriptiveindicia may be supplied by any desired means, e.g., typing, but ispreferably a part of the photograph.

A preferred system for preparing print 10 utilizes the aforementionedcolor diffusion transfer procedures. A data card containing the desireddescriptive information is inserted into the camera so that both thesubject and the descriptive matter pertaining to him are simultaneouslyphotographed to provide a single developable image which is thereafterprocessed in the aforementioned manner to provide print 10. This may beaccomplished most expeditiously with the camera of the Polaroid ID-2Land Identification System.

In the simplest embodiment of the invention a laminar structure isprepared as shown in FIG. 2. As shown therein, the laminar structurecomprises a color print, e.g., as shown in FIG. 1, comprising a suitablesupport 14 for a stratum 12 containing the color image. Stratum 12 isbonded to a layer 16 of a transparent hydroxylated polymer, e.g.,polyvinyl alcohol, which is bonded to a layer of an ethylene-vinylacetate copolymer 18 which is in turn bonded to a vinyl sheet 20providing the protective overlay, e.g., a sheet of rigid or semirigidplasticized polyvinyl chloride. Sheet 20 together with support 14preferably provides the requisite strength and rigidity to maintain theplanar shape of the card and to prevent damage due to bending, folding,etc. Where support 14 is of sufficient rigidity for this purpose, sheet20 can of course be quite thin. Sheet 20 may, if desired, in turn bebonded to another surface, e.g., a second sheet of vinyl of the same ordifferent thickness.

As examples of suitable ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers contemplatedfor use in the present invention, mention may be made of Aircofiex 400(trademark of Airco Chemical Company for an acetoxylated polyethyleneemulsion using partially acetylated polyvinyl alcohol as a protectivecolloid); Elvace" (trademark of I. du Pont de Nemours, for a similarproduct), etc. The copolymer may be applied to the vinyl sheet as anaqueous dispersion. If desired, a suitable aromatic solvent, e.g.,toluene, xylene, benzene, etc., may be included in the coating solution.It is postulated that the inclusion of such a solvent may increaseadhesion still further. However, since the bond is so strong without theuse of an aromatic solvent, no evidence of increased adhesion with thesolvent has been observed.

A card such as shown in FIG. 2 protects the front or image-bearingsurface of the print and to this extent is satisfactory for manypurposes. However, the preferred form of the invention contemplatescompletely encasing the card for greater protection and for otherreasons which will be discussed hereinafter.

One means for encasing the card comprises a pouch or the like such as isshown in FIG. 3. As shown therein, pouch 22 comprises two superposedsheets defining a front wall member 24 and a rear wall member 26 sealedalong a portion of the periphery leaving an open area for insertion ofthe print. In the form shown in FIG. 3, the two members are shown to besealed along three sides, leaving one longitudinal side 28 open forinsertion. Front member 24 comprises a sheet of vinyl, which, like theembodiment of FIG. 2, is effectively transparent for viewing the printinserted between the respective wall members. The inner surface of thefront wall member is provided with the coatings of an ethylene-vinylacetate copolymer and a transparent hydroxylated polymer, similar tolayers 18 and 16, respectively of FIG. 2. Rear wall member 26 may bemade of the same or of a different material. It need not be made ofvinyl and may, for example, be made of any rigid or semi-rigid plastic,e.g., cellulose acetate butyrate, a polymerized polyethylene glycolester, etc. Unlike front wall member 24, it need not be effectivelytransparent and in a preferred form it is in fact opaque, e.g., includesa white pigment or some other colorant. The sealing of the periphery ofthe respective wall members may be accomplished in any known manner,e.g., by heat sealing, with pressureor heat-activated adhesives, etc.Preferably, rear wall member 26 comprises a sheet material heat-scalableto front wall member 24 and hence is preferably also made of vinyl.

In the embodiments so far described, the bonding of the surface of thecolor print to the layer of hydroxylated polymer may be accomplishedsimply by pressing the print, while moist, against the polymeric layer.The print may be so employed while still moist from processing, i.e.,shortly after image formation while the print is still slightly moist,or at a later time after the print has dried by remoistening it.

With reference again to the embodiment of FIG. 3, if found desirable orexpedient to do so, the rear surface or support member for the print maybe bonded to the inner surface of the rear wall member, e.g., through apressure-sensitive adhesive or the like. In any event, followinginsertion of the print, the open side 28 is preferably sealed at sometime prior, during or after the bonding of the image-bearing surface tothe front wall member. By way of illustration, where the rear wallmember is also vinyl, this may be accomplished by passing the pouchcontaining the print through a pair of heated pressure rollers. Thisprocedure will also perfect the laminating bond between the print andthe front wall member. FIG. 4

is a diagrammatical sectional view showing the resulting ID card aftercompleting the bonding and sealing of the open end.

FIG. 5 shows another type of product to which this invention isapplicable. As shown therein, a blank is provided comprising a frontwall member 2411 and a rear wall member 26a sealed along one edge 28a.The inner surface of front Wall member 24a is provided with the layersfor laminating, e.g., layers 16 and 18, as heretofore described. Frontand rear wall members 2411 and 26a may be the same as wall members 24and 26, respectively. The inner surface of rear wall member 26a isprovided with a layer of adhesive 30, preferably a pressure-sensitiveadhesive. Means may be provided for preventing premature adhesion and inthe embodiment shown such means are in fact provided in the form of aconventional release sheet 32 of glassine, polyethylene-coated paper orthe like, sheet 32 being readily strippable from coating 30. Products ofthis general structure are described and claimed in the copendingapplication of Paul A. Andrews, Ser. No. 718,895, filed concurrently.Accordingly, the general product structure per se comprises no part ofthe present invention which serves only to provide novel bonding meansfor use with such a product. An ID card may be prepared in accordancewith the procedures described in the aforementioned copendingapplication, namely by pressing the moist surface of the print againstthe inner surface of front wall member 24a, removing the release sheet32, and then bringing the respective wall members in superposition andsealing. The wall members are preferably somewhat larger in dimensionsthan the print, so that a peripheral area of the superposed wall membersfree from contact with the print may be bonded together by the adhesivecoating to perfect a tight seal.

In the embodiments shown in FIGS. 3-5, the rear wall member may beprovided with suitable indicia and/or design pertaining to the issuerand/or bearer. This descriptive matter may be supplied in whole or inpart prior or subsequent to sealing. It may also contain identifyingmatter in the form of embossing or coded hole-punching (an example ofthe latter being the so-called Hollerith card) which may be employedwith known devices for recording purchases, billing or other bookkeepingmatters.

FIG. 6 shows a typical form which the outer surface of the rear wallmember may take. It may, for example, include a characteristic design incolor of the issuer, the name of the issuer, and the name and anidentifying serial number of the bearer in embossed lettering. As wasmentioned previously, hole-punching of coded indicia may be employed inlieu of embossing.

The present invention is applicable to other product structures andthose shown in the drawing are for purposes of illustration only. Forexample, a print containing a protective overlay as shown in FIG. 2 maybe inserted into a pouch such as is shown in FIG. 3 and the open portionthen sealed to provide an encased ID card. If desired, the vinyl overlay20 may be bonded to the inner surface of sheet 24 by known means toprevent accidental movement of the print within the pouch and to provideadditional security features.

The bond provided by the present invention has been found to be sostrong as to resist completely all attempts of separation. Where knownmeans of separation were attempted, e.g., even with the aid of a razorblade, the image-containing layer separated along with the protectiveoverlay, i.e., separated from the support for the print. It will thus beseen that the present invention provides an excellent security sealwhich withstood all attempts by known methods to separate theimage-bearing surface from the bonding layer. In products such as shownin FIGS. 3-5, the print is securely affixed between the respective wallmembers. In addition to providing a security seal not obtainable whenthe print is not so secured within the walls, the resulting product iscapable of use in Hollerith card type operations, whereas a cardcontaining a movable print is not.

In the foregoing description, reference has been made to bonding thesurface of the print to a layer of a hydroxylated polymer. This layermay contain other ingredients performing specific desired functions inaddition to bonding. It may, for example, also include antioxidants,ultraviolet light absorbers, etc. to protect the color print, e.g., toincrease its stability against fading to the degradative eifects ofheat, light and/or moisture. It may also contain a mixture of thehydroxylated polymer and the ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, providedthat at least about 10% hydroxylated polymer is present.

The following examples further serve to illustrate the practice of thisinvention.

Example 1 A sheet of nonplasticized rigid clear polyvinyl chlorideapproximately 2 x 3% was coated on one side with an aqueous dispersionof Aircoflex 400 to provide a coating when dry approximately 0.8 milthick. After this coating dried, a second coating comprising clearpolyvinyl alcohol in a 50-50 methanol-water solution was appliedthereover to provide a second coating which when dry was less than 0.1mil thick.

Example 2 A second sheet of vinyl of approximately the same dimensionswas heat-sealed along three sides to a sheet prepared as in Example 1 toprovide a pouch such as is shown in FIG. 3.

Example 3 A first sheet was prepared in the manner described inExample 1. A second sheet commercially available from Flexcon Companycomprising a semi-rigid flexible polyvinyl chloride containing a whitepigment and having on one side thereof a pressure-sensitive adhesive,which sheet was of substantially the same dimensions as the first sheet,had provided over the adhesive layer a release sheet of polyethylenecoated paper, leaving approximately A3 to A" of the coating along onelongitudinal edge exposed. The respective sheetswere then placed insuperposition and pressure was applied to seal the exposed portion ofthe pressure-sensitive adhesive-containing layer to the correspondingsuperposed area of the other sheet, thereby providing a blank such as isshown in FIG. 5.

Example 4 The precedure of Example 1 was repeated, substituting Elvacefor the Aircoflex 400.

Example 5 The procedure of Example 1 was repeated, except that anintermediate coating containing approximately a 50-50 mixture ofpolyvinyl alcohol and Aircoflex 400 was applied between the two coatingsdescribed in Example 1.

Example 6 The procedure of Example 1 was repeated, except that toluenewas added to the aqueous dispersion of the Airco flex 400.

Example 7 Polacolor Type 108 Land film was inserted into the No. 926Land Identification System. A data card was then inserted and this cardand the subject were simultaneously photographed to provide adevelopable image on the photosensitive element of the film. The exposedphotosensitive element was then pulled from the camera while insuperposition with the image-receiving element of the film, the twoelements were maintained in superposition outside the camera forapproximately 60 seconds and then separated to reveal a positivemulticolor transfer image.

Example 8 The image-bearing surface of a color print as prepared inExample 7 was pressed while still moist from processing against a coatedvinyl sheet as prepared in Example 1 to provide a tight lamination asshown in FIG. 2.

Example 9 A color image as prepared in Example 7 was inserted whilestill moist within a pouch as prepared in Example 2 with theimage-bearing surface against the coated vinyl sheet. The pouch was thenheat sealed by passing through a pair of opposed heated rollers toprovide an ID card as shown in FIG. 4.

Example A color print as prepared in Example 7 was inserted while stillmoist with the blank prepared in Example 3 with the image-bearingsurface against the polyvinyl alcohol coating. The release sheet wasstripped from the pressure-sensitive adhesive coating and the respectivesheets were brought in superposition and passed through a pair ofstandard opposed pressure rollers to effect sealing.

Example 11 Photographic prints as prepared in Example 7 were pressedwhile moist against the coated surfaces of the sheets prepared inExamples 4, 5 and 6 to provide in each instance a laminar structurecomparable to that obtained in Example 8.

Example 12 The strength of the bonding of the print to the vinyl sheetwas tested with laminar structures as prepared above. In these tests,attempts were made to sever the print from the vinyl with or without theaid of a razor blade. In all instances, the image-bearing surfaceseparated from its support and remained tightly adhered to the vinylsheet.

Since certain changes may be made in the above product and processwithout departing from the scope of the invention herein involved, it isintended that all matter contained in the above description or shown inthe accompanying drawing shall be interpreted as illustrative and not ina limiting sense.

What is claimed is:

1. A laminar structure comprising a photographic print in color, thesurface of which is bonded to a first layer comprising a transparenthydroxylated polymer, said first layer being bonded to a layercomprising an ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer, and said second layerbeing bonded to one surface of a substantially transparent sheetcomprising a polymer of vinyl chloride.

2. A product as defined in claim 1 wherein said hydroxylated polymer ispolyvinyl alcohol.

3. A product as defined in claim 1 wherein said color print comprises adye image contained on a dyeable stratum, said stratum comprising amixture of poly-4- vinylpyridine and polyvinyl alcohol, said stratumbeing bonded to said first layer.

4. An ID card comprising two sheets of material sealed together alongthe periphery to define a container having a substantially transparentsheet material comprising a polymer of vinyl chloride as a front memberand a rear member which may be transparent or opaque, and a laminarstructure within said container and visible through said front memberand wherein said structure comprises a photographic print in color thesurface of which is bonded to said front member by a first layercomprising a transparent hydroxylated polymer bonded to a second layercomprising an ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer and said second layer isbonded to the front member.

5. A pouch-like element comprising a substantially transparent firstsheet material comprising a polymer of vinyl chloride and a second sheetmaterial in superposition and sealed together along a portion of theirperiphery, leaving an unsealed portion of the periphery adapted forinsertion of an information-bearing document therebetween, and whereinthe inner surface of said vinyl sheet has a first layer comprising anethylene vinyl acetate copolymer and a second layer comprising ahydroxylated polymer.

6. A product as defined in claim 5 wherein said two sheets are sealedtogether along three sides of the periphery and said hydroxylatedpolymer is polyvinyl alcohol.

7. A product as defined in claim 5 wherein said second sheet is opaqueand comprises an embossable material.

8. A product as defined in claim 7 wherein said second sheet comprises apolymer of vinyl chloride.

9. In a product for use in protecting an informationbearing element,which product comprises two sheets of substantially equal dimensionssealed together along one edge thereof to define front and back membersadapted for holding a photograph when inserted therebetween, the frontmember comprising a substantially transparent sheet comprising a polymerof vinyl chloride, the inner surface of said back member containing alayer of a pressuresensitive adhesive and a release sheet releasablysecured to said pressure-sensitive adhesive, the improvement comprisinga first layer on the inner surface of said vinyl sheet comprising anethylene vinyl acetate copolymer and a second layer over said firstlayer, said second layer comprising a transparent hydroxylated polymer.

10. A product as defined in claim 9 wherein the outer surface of saidback member comprises an information bearing surface, said back memberfurther being embossable.

11. An ID card laminar structure including a substantially transparentfront sheet comprising a polymer of vinyl chloride, the inner surface ofwhich is provided with a first layer of an ethylene vinyl acetatecopolymer and a second layer comprising a hydroxylated polymer; aphotograph having an image-bearing front surface and a rear surface, thedimensions of said photograph being less than those of said front sheet,said photograph being substantially centered on said front sheet withthe imagebearing surface thereof bonded to said front sheet through saidtwo layers, leaving a peripheral area of said front sheet free fromcontact with said photograph, a back sheet of substantially the samedimensions as said front sheet having a peripheral area free fromcontact with said photograph, the opposed peripheral areas of said frontand back sheets being sealed together to complete said lamination.

12. A product as defined in claim 11 wherein the rear surface of saidphotograph is bonded to the inner surface of said back sheet,

13. A product as defined in claim 11 wherein said hydroxylated polymeris polyvinyl alcohol and said photograph comprises a dye image on adyeable stratum contained on a support material, said stratum comprisinga mixture of poly-4-vinylpyridine and polyvinyl alcohol.

14. A product as defined in claim 13 wherein said back sheet comprises apolymer of vinyl chloride.

15. A product as defined in claim 14 wherein both of said vinyl sheetscomprise polyvinyl chloride, said back sheet being opaque.

16. A product as defined in claim 15 wherein the outer surface of saidback sheet is an information-bearing surface.

17. A product as defined in claim 16 including descriptive coded holepunching through said card, said card being adaptable for use withdecoding means for deciphering said holes.

18. A product as defined in claim 16 wherein at least a portion of theinformation contained on said surface of said back sheet is in the formof embossing.

19. A transparent overlay for protecting an imagebearing surface,comprising a substantially transparent sheet comprising a polymer ofvinyl chloride, one surface of said sheet having thereon, in order, alayer comprising ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer, and a layercomprising polyvinyl alcohol.

20. The process for protecting a color print and for providing asecurity seal for said print comprising the step of pressing said print,while moist, against the coated surface of the overlay defined in claim19.

References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 3,461,581 3,487,567 1/1970Waybright 40-2.2X

Haas 96-29X Beier et a1. 260-87.3X Haas et a1. 117-1X Siegel 40-22HAROLD ANSHER, Primary Examiner US. Cl. X.R.

8/1969 Hoffmann 283-7X 10 254, 256,413; 283-7

